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430s BC

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This article concerns the period 439 BC – 430 BC.

Events

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439 BC


By place

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Greece
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  • As a result of Persian assistance to Samos, it takes the Athenian army nine months to successfully complete its siege of Samos and force the Samians to surrender. Samos becomes a tributary of Athens.[1]
Roman Republic
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  • Maelius is summoned before Cincinnatus but refuses to appear. Shortly thereafter, Maelius is killed by Gaius Servilius Ahala and his house is burnt to the ground.[4][5]

438 BC

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By place

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Greece
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  • The Parthenon on the Acropolis at Athens is completed by Ictinus and Callicrates and is consecrated after 9 years of construction. It is dedicated at the Panathenaea (a festival held in honour of Athena every four years on the Acropolis).
  • The colossal statue of the Athena Parthenos, which Phidias has made for the Parthenon, is completed and dedicated. It is made of gold and ivory and stands some 12 metres high.
  • Telephus, a play by the renowned playwright Euripides, is produced in Athens. This tragedy did not survive to modern times.
Italy
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By topic

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Literature
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Art
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  • Three seated Goddesses (possibly Hestia, Dione and Aphrodite), from the east pediment of the Parthenon, are made (finished in 432 BC). They are now kept at The British Museum in London.
  • The Ionic frieze on the north side of the Parthenon, is created (finished in 432 BC). Parts of this frieze are now preserved in museums in Europe, including the Horsemen (at the British Museum, London), and the Marshals and Young Women (now at Musée du Louvre, Paris), which once formed part of the Procession on the frieze.

437 BC

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By place

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Greece
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  • Pericles, concerned for Athenian trade with Greek settlements to the East, and in order to counteract a new and possibly threatening ThracianScythian alliance, leads Athens' fleet to Pontus on the Black Sea and establishes friendly relations with the Greek cities of the region.

By topic

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Architecture
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436 BC

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By place

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Greece
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435 BC

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By place

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Greece
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  • A dispute arises between Epidamnus' oligarchs and democratic forces in the Greek colony. Most of the colony's inhabitants originate from Corinth or Corcyra (Corfu). Epidamnus' oligarchs are exiled and then appeal to Corcyra for help, while the democrats enlist the support of Corinth. Corcyra is then attacked by Corinth as the dispute heats up.
Italy
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By topic

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Art
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434 BC

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By place

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Greece
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  • Under the leadership of Pericles, Athens introduces a series of measures (the "Megarian decree") imposing an economic embargo on Megara for violations of land sacred to Demeter. According to the provisions of the decree, Megarian merchants are to be excluded from the market of Athens and the ports in its empire. This ban strangles the Megarian economy and strains the fragile peace between Athens and Sparta, which is allied with Megara.
  • Philip, brother of Perdiccas II of Macedon challenges Perdiccas for the throne, and enlists the support of Athens and King Derdas of Elimea. Perdiccas responds by stirring up rebellion in a number of Athenian tribute cities, including Potidaea.
  • Anaxagoras is arrested by Pericles' political opponents on a charge of contravening the established dogmas of Athenian religion. It takes Pericles' power of oratory and persuasion to secure his release, and even then, he is fined and forced to retire from Athens to Lampsacus in Ionia.

By topic

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Mathematics
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433 BC

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By place

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Greece
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  • Pericles concludes a defensive alliance with Corcyra (Corfu), the strong naval power in the Ionian Sea, which is the bitter enemy of Corinth. As a result, Athens intervenes in the dispute between Corinth and Corcyra, and, at the Battle of Sybota,[8] a small contingent of Athenian ships play a critical role in preventing a Corinthian fleet from capturing Corcyra. Following this, Athens places Potidaea, a tributary ally of Athens but a colony of Corinth, under siege.
  • The Corinthians, upset by Athens' actions, lobby Sparta to take action against Athens. This appeal is backed by Megara (which is being severely affected by Pericles' economic sanctions) and by Aegina (which is being heavily taxed by Pericles and which has been refused home rule).
  • Pericles renews alliances with the Rhegium on the southwest corner of Italy and Leontini in southeast Sicily, threatening Sparta's food supply route from Sicily.

By topic

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Art
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432 BC

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By place

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Greece
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  • Sparta calls and hosts a conference of the Peloponnesian League. The conference is attended by Athenian representatives as well as members of the League. Following arguments by Corinth against Athens, a majority of the League members vote to declare that the Athenians had broken the peace.[9]
  • The Athenian admiral, Phormio, continues the siege of Potidaea by blocking the entrance to the Gulf of Corinth. Meanwhile an Athenian fleet, led by Archestratus, sails for Potidaea. However, instead of attacking Potidaea, they attack the Macedonians under Perdiccas II, who have allied with the Potidaeans. The Athenians capture Therma (modern Thessalonica) and then go on to besiege Pydna. However, as the Athenians are besieging Pydna, they receive news that Corinth has sent a force under the command of Aristeus to support Potidaea. In response, Athens sends more troops and ships under the command of Hipponicus. The combined Athenian force sails to Potidaea and lands there. In the ensuing Battle of Potidaea, the Athenians are victorious against Corinth and its allies.[citation needed]
Italy
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China
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By topic

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Astronomy
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  • Meton of Athens, a Greek mathematician and astronomer, calculates accurately the comparative chronology of the solar and lunar cycles. As a result, he introduces the 19-year Metonic cycle into the Athenian calendar as a method of calculating dates. Working with Euctemon, he observes the summer solstice on 27 June.[12]
Architecture
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431 BC

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By place

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Greece
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  • Athens enters into an alliance with King Sitalkes of Thrace, after Nymphodorus, an influential Athenian, marries Sitalkes' sister. Nymphodorus then negotiates an agreement between Athens and Macedon's King Perdiccas II, through which Perdiccas regains Therma. As a result, Athens withdraws its support for Perdiccas' brother, Philip, and the Thracians promise to assist Perdiccas in capturing him. In return, Perdiccas marches on the Chalcidians, the people he has originally persuaded to revolt.
  • A Theban raid on Plataea, the only pro-Athenian city in Boeotia, is a failure and the Plataeans take 180 prisoners and put them to death. Athens supports Plataea while Sparta aligns itself with Thebes. Sparta enlists the help of the Greek cities in Italy and Sicily. Both Sparta and Athens appeal to Persia, but without result.
  • The Spartans, led by King Archidamus II, invade Attica effectively starting the first phase of the Peloponnesian War, actually the second of such wars, between the Athens-led Delian League and the Sparta-led Peloponnesian League. The Spartans lay waste to the countryside around Athens. Athenian leader, Pericles, does not seriously oppose them, rather withdrawing the rural population of the country districts within Athens' city walls. Instead, he pursues active naval warfare and reduces any danger from the island of Aegina by replacing its native population with Athenians.
  • The Athenian fleet raids the Peloponnese and pilages the area around Methone. The town is saved through an intervention by the Spartan general Brasidas. The Athenians then sail on laying waste to the coastal areas of the western Peloponnese.
Roman Republic
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By topic

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Science
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  • The Greek philosopher Empedocles distinguishes the four elements - earth, fire, water, and air - that he claims all substances are made of. He explains the development of the universe by the forces of attraction and repulsion known as Love and Strife.
Literature
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430 BC

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By place

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Greece
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  • The army of Sparta loots Attica for a second time, but Pericles is not daunted and refuses to revise his initial strategy. Unwilling to engage the Spartan army in battle, he again leads a naval expedition to plunder the coasts of the Peloponnesus, this time taking 100 Athenian ships with him.
  • Potidaea finally capitulates to the siege by Athenian forces in the winter.
  • An outbreak of a plague hits Athens and the disease ravages the densely packed city (modern DNA analyses of material from ancient cemeteries suggest the mortal disease may have been typhus). The plague wipes out over 30,000 citizens, sailors, and soldiers as well as Pericles' two sons. Roughly one-quarter of the Athenian population dies. The fear of plague is so widespread that the Spartan invasion of Attica is abandoned, their troops being unwilling to risk contact with the diseased enemy.
  • Pericles becomes ill from the plague but he recovers, temporarily. He is deposed from his position as General (or Strategos) but is later reappointed.

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Art
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Religion
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Births

436 BC

435 BC

432 BC

431 BC

Deaths

439 BC

438 BC

436 BC

434 BC

433 BC

431 BC

  • Phidias returns to Athens, where he is imprisoned (for having been portrayed on the shield of the statue of the goddess Athena) and dies before the trial.

430 BC

References

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  1. ^ Meritt, Benjamin D. (1984). "The Samian Revolt from Athens in 440-439 B. C.". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 128 (2). American Philosophical Society: 123–133. ISSN 0003-049X. JSTOR 986226.
  2. ^ Kagan, Donald (1969). The Outbreak of the Peloponnesian War. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-6721-9.
  3. ^ Neel, Jaclyn (May 2015). "Reconsidering the Affectatores Regni". Classical Quarterly. 65 (1): 224–241. doi:10.1017/S0009838814000639. ISSN 0009-8388.
  4. ^ "Spurius Maelius". Encyclopædia Britannica. 25 March 2024. Retrieved 7 August 2024.
  5. ^ Wasson, Donald L. (4 April 2017). "Cincinnatus". World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 7 August 2024.
  6. ^ Cole, J. W. (1974). "Perdiccas and Athens". Phoenix. 28 (1): 55–72. doi:10.2307/1087231. ISSN 0031-8299.
  7. ^ Forsythe, Gary (2005). A Critical History of Early Rome: From Prehistory to the First Punic War. University of California Press. p. 242.
  8. ^ "Heritage History - Products". www.heritage-history.com. Retrieved 2024-09-25.
  9. ^ Cooley, M. G. L., ed. (2024). Sparta. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 216. ISBN 978-1-00938-277-9.
  10. ^ Bartoněk, Antonín (1972). Classification of the West Greek Dialects at the Time about 350 B.C. Amsterdam: Adolf M. Hakkert. p. 90. OCLC 781564.
  11. ^ Hui, Yu; Stock, Jonathan P.J. (2023). The Oxford Handbook of Music in China and the Chinese Diaspora. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-19066-198-4.
  12. ^ Zhmud, Leonid (2006). The Origin of the History of Science in Classical Antiquity. Berlin: De Gruyter. pp. 267–268. ISBN 978-3-11017-966-8.
  13. ^ Silver, Larry (1993). Art in History. Englewood Cliffs NJ: Prentice Hall. p. 51. ISBN 978-0-13052-333-4.
  14. ^ "Cincinnatus". Oxford Reference. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
  15. ^ Zhizhi, Xiao (2012-05-01). "Huang Xing and Traditional Chinese Culture". Journal of Cultural Interaction in East Asia. 3 (1): 75–84. doi:10.1515/jciea-2012-030107. hdl:10112/6324. ISSN 2747-7576.