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Skiz Fernando

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Skiz Fernando
Born
Sarath H. Fernando Jr.

1968 (age 55–56)
Other namesS. H. Fernando Jr.
Alma materColumbia University Graduate School of Journalism
Occupations
  • Journalist
  • writer
  • record producer
  • rapper
Musical career
Also known as
  • Spectre
  • The Ill Saint
  • Wordsound I-Powa
  • Slotek
  • Minister Fernando
  • Skza
  • The Eye
OriginBrooklyn, New York
Genres
Years active1994–present
LabelsWordSound
Formerly of
  • Scarab
  • Crooklyn Dub Consortium

Sarath "Skiz" Fernando[1] (born 1968) is a former music critic, who has written for The New York Times, Rolling Stone, The Source, Spin, and Vibe. Later, under the alias Spectre,[2] he became a record producer, rapper, and electronica artist. He is the founder and the head of his own label WordSound,[3] as well as the author of several books about hip hop music.

Early life

[edit]

Sarath H. Fernando Jr. was born in 1968[4] in Texas.[5] His parents are Sri Lankan immigrants,[6] and he is the only person in his family to be born in the United States.[7] Fernando was raised in Pikesville, Baltimore County, Maryland and attended St. Paul's School for Boys.[8]

Throughout childhood, he was listening to music records his brother and sister would bring home. His siblings were "much older" than him and were listening to Parliament-Funkadelic, Bob Marley, and David Bowie. In 1979, when he was around 11 years old, he heard the song "Rapper's Delight" on the radio. "For me, that was it. I had no idea what hip-hop even was, but I was mesmerized. A few years later, when Soul Sonic Force released 'Planet Rock,' I knew I wanted to be a part of that music", recalls Fernando. He became friends with "the only three black guys" in his school and started listening to their favorite music, which included LL Cool J and Run-DMC, while continuing listening to rock bands like the Smiths. In the following years, Fernando would dedicate time to exploring record stores in search of new artists and genres.[8]

After graduating from Harvard College,[9] Fernando moved to Greece, where he worked as a school teacher. At that time, he was unsure about his future plans. Since he loved hip hop, a year later he decided to move to New York City, which he viewed as the central place for hip hop. To justify the decision to his parents, he enrolled in the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism,[10] which he later graduated from.[11]

Journalistic career

[edit]

During his time in Harvard, Skiz Fernando would listen to the Street Beat show on WHRB, a student radio station.[12] The show was hosted by two Harvard College students, David Mays and Jonathan Shecter, who would later create The Source. Started as a one-page newsletter,[13] The Source quickly turned into what The New York Times described as "the leading magazine on hip-hop music, culture and politics".[14] Around 1992, after returning from Greece and meeting with Shecter, Fernando started writing for The Source magazine.[10][11] In the following years, he contributed to various other publications, including Vibe, Rolling Stone, Spin, and The New York Times.[15][16]

Music career

[edit]

1993–1994: Beginning of music career and launching WordSound

[edit]

Working as a journalist allowed Skiz Fernando to make connections in the music industry, giving him an opportunity to launch his own music career. In 1993, while working on a review for Material's Hallucination Engine, Fernando contacted the band's bassist Bill Laswell to take an interview. The two immediately became friends, and afterwards, Fernando would frequently visit Laswell's studio. There he met other artists, including funk musician George Clinton of Parliament-Funkadelic and jazz drummer Tony Williams.[8] With a $1000 loan from Laswell, Fernando launched his own record label.[17] He called it WordSound, after a dub compilation album Word Sound 'ave Power: Dub Poets And Dub.[12] A warehouse in Williamsburg, Brooklyn was used as the label's headquarters.[18]

WordSound released its first albums in 1994: The Red Shift compilation album and Scarab by the band Scarab.[19] The band initially consisted of Skiz Fernando and his friend Professor Shehab.[20] During that time, Fernando was trying to capture the music of like-minded artists around himself. The resulting compilation Certified Dope, Vol. 1 was released on WordSound in 1995, under the name Crooklyn Dub Consortium. The collective, apart from Fernando, also included drummer Doug Scharin as HiM, Bill Laswell as Automaton, the duo Sub Dub, Dr. Israel, and the band We™.[21] According to AllMusic's Rick Anderson, the album "heralded the emergence of a new sound in underground music".[22] In 2015, Fact magazine placed it at number 13 on their list of the 50 best trip-hop albums of all time, describing it as an album that "blended the dusty boom bap that ruled the city at the time with the mixing desk mysticism of Jamaican dub".[23]

1995–1996: Debut solo album and working with Prince Paul

[edit]

While working on his 1994 book The New Beats, Fernando started learning music production,[21] making music every night to relax. He took the pseudonym Spectre, which, according to the artist, represents his dark alter ego that is the exact opposite of himself, allowing him to "express his dark side".[12] Later, he would use several other pseudonyms, including the Ill Saint, Slotek, and Wordsound I-Powa.[24] Spectre's debut solo album, The Illness, was released through WordSound in 1995. Thomas Quinlan of Exclaim! noted the "morbid shred of fear and decay" in the album's sound,[25] while AllMusic's John Bush in his review called The Illness a fusion of "hip-hop mysticism more than worthy of Wu-Tang" with production techniques akin to those used by the Jamaican producer Lee "Scratch" Perry.[26] The style of music, employed on this album, would later be called illbient.[25]

The release of The Illness ultimately led to Skiz Fernando collaborating with the producer Prince Paul.[19] The mid-1990s was a troubled period in Prince Paul's career. Known for his early 1990s work with De La Soul and Gravediggaz, he now faced financial difficulties due to low album sales and was frustrated with the music industry. Fernando contacted him about recording an album, offering to do a small release of 1000 physical copies.[8][27] According to Prince Paul, he wanted to make "one of the craziest recordings ever",[8] marking the end of his career.[28] The album, titled Psychoanalysis: What Is It?, was released in 1996, through WordSound. It was one of the earliest instrumental hip hop albums,[27] featuring almost no rapping, with the only vocals throughout the majority of the album being skits.[29] The album consists of rappers' monologues, where they discuss their obscene thoughts and dreams with a psychoanalyst with a distinct Viennese accent,[28] over jazz-inspired beats.[29] Psychoanalysis: What Is It? performed commercially far better than both the label and the artist anticipated, and became one of the best selling albums of the label. That prompted Tommy Boy Records to buy the album rights and re-release an updated version a year later.[27] Prince Paul has said that the album "catapulted [his] career".[8] Fernando later introduced him to Dan the Automator, which resulted in the formation of the Handsome Boy Modeling School duo and the subsequent release of their critically acclaimed debut album So... How's Your Girl? (1999).[30][31]

Several other albums were released by WordSound in 1996. One of them was the second Crooklyn Dub Consortium compilation, titled Certified Dope, Vol. 2.[32] MTV's music critic Kembrew McLeod praised the album's unique sound. He called Crooklyn Dub Consortium "some of the most innovative and cutting-edge sound sculptors", noting that despite Certified Dope, Vol. 2 being a compilation album it still sounds cohesive due to the artists' association with the label.[33] The German magazine Spex placed Certified Dope, Vol. 2 at number 20 of their list of the 50 best albums of 1996.[34] Among other albums Fernando released that year were Live from the Planet Crooklyn, released under the pseudonym Wordsound I-Powa through ROIR Records,[35] Dread Western by Roots Control duo, a collaborative album with his former roommate Jeremy "Likkle Jer" Dawson,[20][36] and a highly acclaimed Subterranean Hitz, Vol. 1 compilation.[19][37] Described by AllMusic's John Bush as a mix of illbient and abstract hip hop,[38] Subterranean Hitz, Vol. 1 featured a number of hip hop artists, including Rob Swift of X-Ecutioners, Scott Harding, Prince Paul, and Afrika Baby Bam of Jungle Brothers.[19] In his review of the album, Tony Herrington of The Wire magazine categorized its tracks as "insulated studio odysseys" which require listeners to have "superhuman levels of concentration".[39] According to Skiz Fernando, soon after the release he went to Fat Beats, one of the biggest hip hop record stores in New York City, asking them to sell copies of Subterranean Hitz, Vol. 1. But despite the album featuring numerous hip hop artists, the owner of the store refused to sell it, saying that "this isn't hip hop".[27]

1997–1999: WordSound's peak period

[edit]

Spectre released his second solo album, The Second Coming, through WordSound in 1997.[24] Spin magazine's reviewer Richard Gehr described the album as a "vampire-movie soundtrack", commending the album's sound, but noting that Spectre's ideas "[run] out of steam" towards its second half.[40] During that year Fernando also introduced a new pseudonym, releasing the album 7 as Slotek. AllMusic's John Bush called the album a "sample mayhem",[41] praising its production.[42]

1998 saw the release of Subterranean Hitz, Vol. 2. Like the first compilation, it featured Rob Swift, Afrika Baby Bam, Prince Paul and Scott Harding.[43] The album received positive reviews from music critics. Tim Haslett of CMJ New Music Monthly called it a "mandatory [listen] for anyone even remotely interested in the future of electronic music with hip-hop sensibilities at its heart".[37] The Wire's Will Montgomery commended the album, noting its "broader set of sounds" and lyrics, that "expose just how dull your average raps are".[44] The same year Spectre released Ruff Kutz, a 90-minutes mixtape that featured remixes and unreleased tracks from a number of label's artists, including Sensational, Mr Dead, Dubadelic, Techno Animal, Bill Laswell, and Jungle Brothers.[45][46] Originally a limited WordSound cassette release,[47] in 2015 Ruff Kutz was remastered and re-released on double vinyl and digitally, through PAN,[46][48] an imprint label of Berlin-based artist Bill Kouligas.[49] Fact magazine placed the re-release on their list of 25 best reissues of 2015, calling it a "freeform hotbox hit-parade of dirty Bowery beats, chopped and screwed breaks, and hefty helpings of echo-chamber dub mixology", that perfectly encapsulated the New York underground scene of the 1990s.[50]

Multiple projects were released in 1999. Among them was the second Slotek album, Hydrophonic. AllMusic's John Bush noted Slotek's move away from samples towards "raps reminiscent of KRS-One" and praised the production that fits the album well.[51] Another album released by WordSound that year was Certified Dope, Vol. 3: Escape From New York compilation. For the third album in the series, Crooklyn Dub Consortium collective was renamed to Crooklyn Dub Outernational, which signified their expansion into other territories, such as Europe, the UK, Jamaica and Japan.[52] The Wire magazine placed Certified Dope, Vol. 3 on their list of the best albums of 1999.[53]

2000–present: WordSound's decline and later solo projects

[edit]

Despite being an influential underground label and a pioneer of the illbient genre in the 1990s,[54][55][56] in the early 2000s WordSound started gradually fading away from the mainstream media. In 2004, XLR8R magazine reported the label's "disappearance".[57] In a letter published by the magazine in one of the later issues, Skiz Fernando explained that he didn't receive a $38,000 payment from one of the distributors in 2001, and in 2004 their European distributor Energie für Alle [de] closed, owing the label $80,000. The artist believed those factors ultimately led to the decline in visibility of an already underground label, which he was running from his living room.[58] Fernando had also moved from Brooklyn to his hometown Baltimore due to "skyrocketing rents".[59] Nevertheless, he continued releasing music through WordSound over the years, but kept it mostly to his solo projects.[20]

The third album in Spectre's trilogy,[25] The End, was released in January 2000[60][61] (the release date is sometimes reported as late 1999).[62] In his review for Exclaim!, Thomas Quinlan highlighted the album's atmospheric nature and its blend of exotic Spectre's instrumentals with tracks featuring guest vocalists.[25] The Wire magazine included The End in their list of the best albums of the year 2000.[63] The Ill Saint's third compilation album, Subterranean Hitz, Vol. 3: The III School, was also released in 2000. Mike DaRonco of AllMusic thought the album featured "hard-hitting beats" combined with "street-smart wit",[64] while Exclaim!'s Thomas Quinlan found the album "worth repeated listens", despite feeling that some of the tracks were disappointing.[65]

While working on his follow-up solo album, Spectre released two albums through Belgian label Quatermass.[66] 2002's Parts Unknown was based on previously unreleased material and was a collaborative album with the rapper Sensational.[67] The second Quatermass album was Retrospectre (2004) compilation. Dusted magazine's Casey Rae-Hunter noted the album's "captivating freshness", despite it spanning more than a decade's worth of material.[68]

Spectre's fourth album,[69] Psychic Wars, was released in 2003.[70] In her review for XLR8R, Selena Hsu called the album "considerably less sludgy and not as obscured by [Spectre's] trademark impenetrable haze",[71] while Heinrich Deisl of the German magazine Skug [de] named it the most accessible release from Spectre.[72] Rick Anderson of AllMusic commended "more energetic beats and lively interpolations of exotic foreign musical elements", but criticized the beginning of the album as being unnecessary.[69] Dusted's Mason Jones thought the music on the album was "melancholy and slow", as it featured "orchestral stabs and ultra-low synth bass dominating the doom-laden sonic environments". He also noted that some of the samples fit "rhythmically awkwardly", but he believed it enhances the mood of the album.[70]

WordSound released the fourth Crooklyn Dub Outernational's compilation, Certified Dope, Vol. 4: Babylon's Burning, in 2004.[73] AllMusic's Chris Nickson called it a "good summation of the state of global dub today from a label that stays permanently on the edge".[74] XLR8R reviewer Daniel Siwek commended the collective for their ability to provide a diverse range of musical styles while striking a perfect balance between classic elements and a modern sound.[75] Exclaim!'s David Dacks thought the album deviates from the traditional dub sound, instead "[continuing] this series with an assemblage of spine crushers and outward-bound riddims".[76] The Wire named it one of the best albums of the year.[73]

Spectre released his next solo album, Transcendent, in 2006 through digital distribution.[77] It was followed by 2008's Internal Dynasty, released digitally through WordSound,[78] with a limited vinyl release through Monkey Tool label.[79] Mike Lupica of Dusted magazine noted that the album "[remains] systemically disquieting, off-kilter and reassuringly distanced from any current trend in hip hop".[80] In 2010, the artist released the next album by Spectre, titled Death Before Dying.[81]

In 2012, Spectre released his ninth solo album, The True & Living. The album was funded through Kickstarter, and released both digitally and on vinyl. Laurent Fintoni, writing for Fact magazine, highlighted the album's "crisp and snappy" beats, but warned younger readers that it may sound dated.[82] Exclaim!'s reviewer Thomas Quinlan called The True & Living a "dark and brooding" album, noting the consistency of Spectre's style and his improvements to it.[83] Spectre's next project, Brand New Second Hand, was released digitally in 2014.[84]

The tenth solo album by Spectre, The Last Shall Be First, was released in 2016. It was funded through Kickstarter, and was asserted to be the final album released as Spectre.[20] To promote the Kickstarter campaign, Skiz Fernando released Doom & Boom: The Spectre Chronicles (1995-2015), a free compilation album which included tracks from every album previously released. Philip Freeman, in his article for Bandcamp Daily, described the album's sound as "beats verging on industrial at times, and the bass as tar-like as ever".[20] In 2021, Fernando released EP titled Èminence Grise. It was released digitally under the pseudonym Tha Ill Saint, with a limited vinyl release through a German label LOWHOP-Records.[85]

Crooked

[edit]

In 2000 while visiting family in Sri Lanka, Fernando wrote the script for a movie called Crooked. The film was shot in 25 days in April 2001 then edited and put through post production through the summer and winter of the same year. It was released on the Wordsound label as a soundtrack and a two disc DVD set in 2002.[3]

Discography

[edit]

Publications

[edit]
  • The New Beats: Exploring the Music, Culture, and Attitudes of Hip-Hop (1994, Payback Press; ISBN 038547119X)
  • Rice & Curry: Sri Lankan Home Cooking (2011, Hippocrene Books; ISBN 0781812739)
  • From the Streets of Shaolin: The Wu-Tang Saga (2021, Hachette Books; ISBN 9780306874444)
  • The Chronicles of Doom: Unraveling Rap's Masked Iconoclast (2024, Astra House; ISBN 9781662602177)

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Sarath "Skiz" Fernando Songs, Albums, Reviews, Bio & More". AllMusic. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  2. ^ Mcdermott, Matt. "PAN reissue obscure illbient hip-hop mixtape from Spectre". Resident Advisor. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  3. ^ a b Bret McCabe"Wordsound and Vision". Baltimore City Paper. 2002-05-29. Archived from the original on 2011-08-14.
  4. ^ Fernando, Sarath (2021). "Between Two Succulents with guest S.H. Fernando JR" (Interview). Interviewed by Butts, Brandon Rashad. Retrieved 4 August 2023. I'm pretty much the same age as these guys. I'm 1968, so I'm the same age as ODB
  5. ^ Bourdain, Anthony (March 2, 2009). "Sri Lanka". Anthony Bourdain: No Reservations. Season 5. Episode 9. 3 minutes in. Discovery Travel & Living.
  6. ^ "Learning 'Sri Lankan Home Cooking' A Family Affair". NPR. December 29, 2011. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  7. ^ "Learning 'Sri Lankan Home Cooking' A Family Affair". NPR (transcript). December 29, 2011. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  8. ^ a b c d e f Gonzales, Michael A. (10 October 2012). "Pikesville native, Prince Paul collaborator drops crazy new album". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
  9. ^ Ali, Lorraine (September 21, 1999). "Dread, Beat, and Brooklyn". The Village Voice. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
  10. ^ a b Fernando, Sarath (2017). "Ep. 8 - S.H. Fernando Jr (aka Spectre)" (Interview). Interviewed by Agoston, Peter. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
  11. ^ a b "Skiz Bio". Wordsound.
  12. ^ a b c Fernando, Sarath (2012). "Skiz Fernando (Spectre / WordSound) @ Dubspot - Talks Influences, Dub, Hip Hop" (Interview). Interviewed by Mesinai, Raz. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
  13. ^ Mehren, Elizabeth (April 16, 1990). "Head of the Class in College of Letters, Arts and Rap". The Los Angeles Times. sec. F, pp. 1,8. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
  14. ^ Carmody, Deirdre (October 17, 1994). "THE MEDIA BUSINESS; Magazines". The New York Times. The New York Times. sec. D, p. 8. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
  15. ^ Williams, Jaelani Turner. "A Biography Recounting the Life of MF DOOM Is In the Works". Okayplayer. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  16. ^ Batey, Angus (29 January 2022). "Features | Tome On The Range | Talent & Natural Game: S.H. Fernando Jr On The Wu-Tang Saga". The Quietus. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  17. ^ Wheaton 2022, p. 99.
  18. ^ Shapiro 1999, p. 373.
  19. ^ a b c d Shapiro 1999, p. 374.
  20. ^ a b c d e Freeman, Philip (January 12, 2017). "The Roots of Dubstep Echo in the Haunting Sound of '90s Label WordSound". Bandcamp Daily. Retrieved August 16, 2023.
  21. ^ a b Fintoni 2022, Tape 4 – Destruction Of Syntax.
  22. ^ Anderson, Rick. "Various Artists - Crooklyn Dub Consortium, Vol. 1: Certified Dope Album Reviews, Songs & More". AllMusic. Retrieved 12 August 2023.
  23. ^ Twells, John; Fintoni, Laurent (30 July 2015). "The 50 best trip-hop albums of all time". Fact. Retrieved 12 August 2023.
  24. ^ a b Simpson, Paul. "Spectre - Ruff Kutz Album Reviews, Songs & More". AllMusic. Retrieved 12 August 2023.
  25. ^ a b c d Quinlan, Thomas. "Spectre – The End". Exclaim!. Retrieved 12 August 2023.
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  27. ^ a b c d Fintoni 2022, Tape 6 – Fantastic Damage.
  28. ^ a b Smith, Dinitia (12 April 1999). "Guiding Hip-Hop Toward Operatic Leaps; Prince Paul Imagines a Movie as He Makes Rap Relevant for the Suburbs". The New York Times. sec. E, p. 1. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
  29. ^ a b Berry, Peter A. (25 June 2018). "Today in Hip-Hop: Prince Paul Drops 'Psychoanalysis: What Is It?'". XXL. Retrieved 12 August 2023.
  30. ^ Cho, Jaeki. "Prince Paul Tells All: The Stories Behind His Classic Records (Part 2)". Complex. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
  31. ^ Extance, Andy (11 November 2004). "Album Review: Handsome Boy Modelling School - White People". Drowned in Sound. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
  32. ^ Wheaton 2022, p. 19.
  33. ^ McLeod, Kembrew (November 4, 1998). "Get Your RDA of Certified Dope". MTV. Archived from the original on August 15, 2023. Retrieved August 15, 2023.
  34. ^ "Jahresrückblick 1996: Lange". Spex. January 1997.
  35. ^ Anderson, Rick. "WordSound I Powa - WordSound I Powa: Live from the Planet Crooklyn Album Reviews, Songs & More". AllMusic. Retrieved August 16, 2023.
  36. ^ Anderson, Rick. "Roots Control - Dread Western Album Reviews, Songs & More". AllMusic. Retrieved August 16, 2023.
  37. ^ a b Haslett, Tim (April 1998). "Reviews – Dance". CMJ New Music Monthly. p. 62. Retrieved 20 August 2023.
  38. ^ Bush, John. "Ill St. Presents Subterranean Hitz, Vol. 1 - Various Artists". AllMusic. Retrieved August 17, 2023.
  39. ^ Herrington, Tony (April 1997). "Soundcheck: Various Artists – The Ill St Presents Subterranean Hitz Vol. 1". The Wire. p. 68.
  40. ^ Gehr, Richard (May 1998). "Reviews: Spectre – The Second Coming". Spin. pp. 140–141. Retrieved 17 August 2023.
  41. ^ Bush, John. "Slotek - Hydrophonic Album Reviews, Songs & More". AllMusic. Retrieved August 17, 2023.
  42. ^ Bush, John. "Slotek - 7 Album Reviews, Songs & More". AllMusic. Retrieved August 17, 2023.
  43. ^ Huey, Steve. "Various Artists - Subterranean Hitz, Vol. 2 Album Reviews, Songs & More". AllMusic. Retrieved August 20, 2023.
  44. ^ Montgomery, Will (March 1998). "Soundcheck: Various artists – Subterranean Hitz Volume 2". The Wire. p. 62.
  45. ^ "Pan reissuing Spectre's illbient mixtape". The Wire. Retrieved August 22, 2023.
  46. ^ a b W., Hugh. "PAN to reissue Spectre's Ruff Kutz mixtape from 1998 to show y'all who's boss". Tiny Mix Tapes. Retrieved August 22, 2023.
  47. ^ Eaton, James (February 3, 2015). "PAN to Reissue 1998 Hip-Hop Mixtape from Spectre". XLR8R. Retrieved August 22, 2023.
  48. ^ "PAN readies reissue of Spectre's '98 experimental hip-hop mixtape Ruff Kutz". Fact. February 3, 2015. Retrieved August 22, 2023.
  49. ^ Kent-Smith, Jasmine. "PAN: How Bill Kouligas and his clubland cohorts built an experimental empire". Mixmag. Retrieved August 22, 2023.
  50. ^ Jones, Mikey (December 3, 2015). "The 25 Best Reissues of 2015". Fact. Retrieved August 22, 2023.
  51. ^ Bush, John. "Slotek - Hydrophonic Album Reviews, Songs & More". AllMusic. Retrieved August 23, 2023.
  52. ^ Hollings, Ken; Young, Rob (October 1999). "Soundcheck: the compiler". The Wire. p. 66.
  53. ^ "1999 Rewind". The Wire. No. 190/191. January 2000. Retrieved August 30, 2023.
  54. ^ Anderson, Rick. "Various Artists - Shake the Nations Album Reviews, Songs & More". AllMusic. Retrieved August 23, 2023.
  55. ^ Fintoni, Laurent (June 13, 2013). "And this one time...the best Bandcamp releases of the month, June 2013". Fact. Retrieved August 23, 2023.
  56. ^ "Sensational & Kruton unveil 'You In The Right Spot'". Fact. January 27, 2016. Retrieved August 23, 2023.
  57. ^ Serwer, Jesse (October 2004). "Sound-Ink, Brooklyn Beats and the Agriculture". XLR8R. No. 81. p. 96. But Sound-Ink isn't the only label filling the ADD-beats-meet-high-concept hip-hop void left open by the disappearance of Skiz Fernando's Wordsound Records.
  58. ^ "Letters: WordSound Sounds Off". XLR8R. No. 83. December 2004. p. 16.
  59. ^ Wheaton 2022, p. 151.
  60. ^ Bush, John "Spectre Biography", Allmusic, Macrovision Corporation (also published in All Music Guide to Hip-Hop by Vladimir Bogdanov, Chris Woodstra, Stephen Thomas Erlewine, John Bush, Backbeat Books, 2003, pp. 450–451, ISBN 0-87930-759-5, ISBN 978-0-87930-759-2)
  61. ^ "Reviews: Must hear". CMJ New Music Report. January 31, 2000. p. 28. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
  62. ^ "Spectre Discography". WordSound. Retrieved August 24, 2023.
  63. ^ "2000 Rewind". The Wire. No. 203. January 2001. Retrieved August 30, 2023.
  64. ^ Daronco, Mike. "Various Artists - Subterranean Hitz, Vol. 3: The III School Album Reviews, Songs & More". AllMusic. Retrieved August 25, 2023.
  65. ^ Quinlan, Thomas. "Various – Subterranean Hitz Vol. 3". Exclaim!. Retrieved August 25, 2023.
  66. ^ "Spectre Bio". WordSound. Retrieved August 25, 2023.
  67. ^ "Biographie Sensational". laut.de (in German). Retrieved August 25, 2023.
  68. ^ Rae-Hunter, Casey (June 20, 2004). "Dusted Reviews: Spectre - Retrospectre". Dusted. Retrieved August 29, 2023.
  69. ^ a b Anderson, Rick. "Spectre - Psychic Wars Album Reviews, Songs & More". AllMusic. Retrieved August 29, 2023.
  70. ^ a b Jones, Mason. "Dusted Reviews: Spectre - Psychic Wars". Dusted. Retrieved August 29, 2023.
  71. ^ Hsu, Selena. "Spectre — Psychic Wars / Sensational – Natural Shine". XLR8R. p. 70.
  72. ^ Deisl, Heinrich (2003). "Spectre – "Psychic Wars" / Mentol Nomad – "Mentallica and its Inhabitants"". Skug (in German). No. 55. Retrieved August 30, 2023.
  73. ^ a b "2004 Rewind". The Wire. No. 251. January 2005. pp. 39–49. Retrieved August 30, 2023.
  74. ^ Nickson, Chris. "Crooklyn Dub Outernational - Certified Dope, Vol. 4: Babylon's Burning Album Reviews, Songs & More". AllMusic. Retrieved August 30, 2023.
  75. ^ Siwek, Daniel (February 24, 2004). "Various Artists – Certified Dope Vol. 4: Babylon's Burning". XLR8R. No. 75. p. 90. Retrieved August 30, 2023.
  76. ^ Dacks, David. "Various – Certified Dope Vol. 4". Exclaim!. Retrieved August 30, 2023.
  77. ^ "Transcendent, by Spectre". Bandcamp. Retrieved August 30, 2023.
  78. ^ "Internal Dynasty, by Spectre". Bandcamp. Retrieved August 30, 2023.
  79. ^ "Monkey Tool 09 - Word Sound LP 54 - Spectre". Monkey Tool. Retrieved August 30, 2023.
  80. ^ Lupica, Mike. "Dusted Reviews: Spectre - Internal Dynasty". Dusted. Retrieved August 30, 2023.
  81. ^ "Death Before Dying, by Spectre". Bandcamp. Retrieved August 30, 2023.
  82. ^ Fintoni, Laurent (June 13, 2013). "And this one time...the best Bandcamp releases of the month, June 2013". Fact. Retrieved August 31, 2023.
  83. ^ Quinlan, Thomas. "Spectre – The True & Living". Exclaim!. Retrieved August 31, 2023.
  84. ^ "Brand New Second Hand, by Spectre". Bandcamp. Retrieved August 31, 2023.
  85. ^ "Eminence Grise EP, by Tha ILL Saint". Bandcamp. Retrieved August 31, 2023.

Works cited

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