Jump to content

List of Space Shuttle missions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For Soviet Space Shuttle missions, see List of Buran missions.
Launch of Space Shuttle Columbia on 12 April 1981 at Pad 39A for mission STS-1

The Space Shuttle was a partially reusable low Earth orbital spacecraft system operated by NASA (the National Aeronautics and Space Administration). Its official program name was Space Transportation System (STS), taken from a 1969 plan for a system of reusable spacecraft of which it was the only item funded for development.[1] Operational missions launched numerous satellites, conducted science experiments in orbit, and participated in construction and servicing of the International Space Station (ISS). The first of four orbital test flights occurred in 1981, leading to operational flights beginning in 1982.

From 1981 to 2011 a total of 135 missions were flown, all launched from Kennedy Space Center (KSC) in Florida. During that time period the fleet logged 1,322 days, 19 hours, 21 minutes and 23 seconds of flight time.[2] The longest orbital flight of the Shuttle was STS-80 at 17 days 15 hours, while the shortest flight was STS-51-L at one minute 13 seconds when the Space Shuttle Challenger broke apart during launch. The cold morning shrunk an O-Ring on the right Solid Rocket Booster causing the external fuel tank to explode. The shuttles docked with Russian space station Mir nine times and visited the ISS thirty-seven times. The highest altitude (apogee) achieved by the shuttle was 386 mi (621 km) when deploying the Hubble Space Telescope.[3] The program flew a total of 355 people representing 16 countries, and with 852 total shuttle fliers.[4] The Kennedy Space Center served as the landing site for 78 missions, while 54 missions landed at Edwards Air Force Base in California and one mission landed at White Sands, New Mexico.[5]

The first orbiter built, Enterprise, was used for atmospheric flight tests (ALT) but future plans to upgrade it to orbital capability were ultimately canceled. Four fully operational orbiters were initially built: Columbia, Challenger, Discovery, and Atlantis. Challenger and Columbia were destroyed in mission accidents in 1986 and 2003 respectively, killing a total of fourteen astronauts. A fifth operational orbiter, Endeavour, was built in 1991 to replace Challenger. The Space Shuttle was retired from service upon the conclusion of STS-135 by Atlantis on 21 July 2011.[6]

Flight numbering

[edit]
Profiles of all five orbiters at launch.

The U.S. Space Shuttle program was officially referred to as the Space Transportation System (STS). Specific shuttle missions were therefore designated with the prefix "STS".[2] Initially, the launches were given sequential numbers indicating order of launch, such as STS-7. Subsequent to the Apollo 13 mishap, due to Administrator of NASA James M. Beggs's triskaidekaphobia and consequent unwillingness to number a forthcoming flight as STS-13,[7][8][9][10] beginning in 1984, each mission was assigned a code, such as STS-41-B, with the first digit (or pair of digits for years 1990 and beyond) indicating the federal fiscal year offset into the program (so 41-B was scheduled for FY 1984, 51-A thru 51-L originally for FY 1985, and the third flight in FY 1995 would have been named 151-C), the second digit indicating the launch site (1 was Kennedy Space Center and 2 was Space Launch Complex 6 at Vandenberg Air Force Base, although Vandenberg was never used), and the letter indicating scheduling sequence.[11] These codes were assigned when the launches were initially scheduled and were not changed as missions were delayed or rescheduled.[6] The codes were adopted from STS-41-B through STS-51-L (although the highest code used was actually STS-61-C), and the sequential numbers were used internally at NASA on all processing paperwork.

After the Challenger disaster, NASA returned to using a sequential numbering system, with the number counting from the beginning of the STS program. Unlike the initial system, however, the numbers were assigned based on the initial mission schedule, and did not always reflect actual launch order. This numbering scheme started at 26, with the first flight as STS-26R—the R suffix stood for "reflight" to disambiguate from prior missions. The suffix was used for two years through STS-33R, then the R was dropped.[6] As a result of the changes in systems, flights under different numbering systems could have the same number with one having a letter appended, e.g. flight STS-51 (a mission carried out by Discovery in 1993) was many years after STS-51-A (Discovery's second flight in 1984).[6] It wasn't until STS-127 in 2009 where the flight numbering system returned to a standard and consistent order.

Shuttle flights

[edit]
Enterprise on one of its five free-flights during the Approach and Landing Test program

Atmospheric flight tests

[edit]
Main article: Approach and Landing Tests

The Approach and Landing Test program encompassed 16 separate tests of Enterprise, covering taxi tests, uncrewed and crewed flights on the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft (SCA), and finally the free flight tests. The following list includes the free-flight tests, durations listed count only the orbiter free-flight time. The list does not include total time aloft along with airborne time atop of the SCA.

Order Launch date Mission Shuttle Crew Duration Landing site Notes Refs.
1 12 August 1977 ALT-12
 Enterprise 2 00 h 05 m Edwards [12][13][14][15]
2 13 September 1977 ALT-13
 Enterprise 2 00 h 05 m Edwards
  • Second free flight
 [12][13]
3 23 September 1977 ALT-14
 Enterprise 2 00 h 05 m Edwards
  • Third free flight
 [12][13]
4 12 October 1977 ALT-15
 Enterprise 2 00 h 02 m Edwards
  • Fourth free flight
  • First flight without tailcone (operational configuration)
 [12][13][15][16]
5 26 October 1977 ALT-16
 Enterprise 2 00 h 02 m Edwards
  • Final free flight
  • Final non-captive flight of Enterprise
  • First landing on runway rather than lakebed
 [12][13][17]

Launches and orbital flights

[edit]
Order Launch date Mission Shuttle Crew[a] Duration Launch pad Landing site Notes Refs.
1 12 April 1981
12:00:04 UTC
07:00:04 EST 		STS-1
 Columbia 2 02d 06h LC-39A Edwards
  • First orbital flight test
  • First reusable orbital spacecraft flight
  • Maiden flight of Columbia
  • Maiden flight of the Space Shuttle program
 [18][19][20]
2 12 November 1981
15:10:00 UTC
10:10:00 EST 		STS-2
 Columbia 2 02d 06h LC-39A Edwards
  • Second orbital flight test
  • First reuse of a crewed orbital space vehicle
  • First test of Canadarm robot arm
  • Truncated due to fuel cell problem
  • Shortest orbital mission flown
 [21][22][23]
3 22 March 1982
16:00:00 UTC
11:00:00 EST 		STS-3
 Columbia 2 08d 00h LC-39A White Sands [24][25][26]
4 27 June 1982
15:00:00 UTC
11:00:00 EDT 		STS-4
 Columbia 2 07d 01h LC-39A Edwards [27][28][29][30]
5 11 November 1982
12:19:00 UTC
07:19:00 EST 		STS-5
 Columbia 4 05d 02h LC-39A Edwards [31][32][33][34]
6 4 April 1983
18:30:00 UTC
13:30:00 EST 		STS-6
 Challenger 4 05d 00h LC-39A Edwards [35][36]
7 18 June 1983
11:33:00 UTC
07:33:00 EDT 		STS-7
 Challenger 5 06d 02h LC-39A Edwards [37][38]
8 30 August 1983
06:32:00 UTC
02:32:00 EDT 		STS-8
 Challenger 5 06d 01h LC-39A Edwards
  • Comsat deployment
  • First flight of an African American in space, Guion Bluford
  • Test of robot arm on heavy payloads with Payload Flight Test Article
  • First night launch
  • First night landing
 [39][40]
9 28 November 1983
16:00:00 UTC
11:00:00 EST 		STS-9
 Columbia 6 10d 07h LC-39A Edwards [41][42]
10 3 February 1984
13:00:00 UTC
08:00:00 EST 		STS-41-B
 Challenger 5 07d 23h LC-39A Kennedy SLF [43][44]
11 6 April 1984
13:58:00 UTC
08:58:00 EST 		STS-41-C
 Challenger 5 06d 23h LC-39A Edwards [45][46][47]
12 30 August 1984
12:41:50 UTC
08:41:50 EDT 		STS-41-D
 Discovery 6 06d 00h LC-39A Edwards
  • Multiple comsat deployments
  • Maiden flight of Discovery
  • Test of OAST-1 Solar Array
 [48][49]
13 5 October 1984
11:03:00 UTC
07:03:00 EDT 		STS-41-G
 Challenger 7 08d 05h LC-39A Kennedy SLF [50][51]
14 8 November 1984
12:15:00 UTC
07:15:00 EST 		STS-51-A
 Discovery 5 07d 23h LC-39A Kennedy SLF
  • Multiple comsat deployments
  • Retrieval of two other comsats (Palapa B2 and Westar VI), which were subsequently refurbished on Earth and reflown
 [52][53]
15 24 January 1985
19:50:00 UTC
14:50:00 EST 		STS-51-C
 Discovery 5 03d 01h LC-39A Kennedy SLF [28][54][55]
16 12 April 1985
13:59:05 UTC
08:59:05 EST 		STS-51-D
 Discovery 7 06d 23h LC-39A Kennedy SLF [56][57]
17 29 April 1985
16:02:18 UTC
12:02:18 EDT 		STS-51-B
 Challenger 7 07d 00h LC-39A Edwards
  • First mission with Spacelab module in a fully operational configuration
  • Conducted experiments in microgravity
  • First African-American Space Shuttle pilot, Frederick D. Gregory
 [58][59]
18 17 June 1985
11:33:00 UTC
07:33:00 EDT 		STS-51-G
 Discovery 7 07d 01h LC-39A Edwards [60][61]
19 29 July 1985
22:00:00 UTC
18:00:00 EDT 		STS-51-F
 Challenger 7 07d 22h LC-39A Edwards
  • Spacelab mission
  • Abort to Orbit. Faulty temperature sensor incorrectly indicated that fuel turbine discharge temperature exceeded the limit. Therefore, one main engine was shut down at T+345 s, resulting in a much lower orbit than planned.
  • All mission objectives achieved
 [62][63]
20 27 August 1985
10:58:01 UTC
06:58:01 EDT 		STS-51-I
 Discovery 5 07d 02h LC-39A Edwards [64][65]
21 3 October 1985
15:15:30 UTC
11:15:30 EDT 		STS-51-J
 Atlantis 5 04d 01h LC-39A Edwards [28][66][67]
22 30 October 1985
17:00:00 UTC
12:00:00 EST 		STS-61-A
 Challenger 8 07d 00h LC-39A Edwards
  • Largest crew on a spaceflight
  • Third flight of Spacelab
  • Spacelab-D1 microgravity experiments
  • Mission funded by West Germany
  • Last successful mission of Challenger
  • First Dutchman in space, Wubbo Ockels
 [68][69]
23 26 November 1985
24:29:00 UTC
19:29:00 EST 		STS-61-B
 Atlantis 7 06d 21h LC-39A Edwards [70][71]
24 12 January 1986
11:55:00 UTC
06:55:00 EST 		STS-61-C
 Columbia 7 06d 02h LC-39A Edwards [72][73]
25 28 January 1986
16:38:00 UTC
11:38:00 EST 		STS-51-L
 Challenger 7 00d 00h 01m 13s LC-39B Did not land[b] [74][75]
26 29 September 1988
15:37:00 UTC
11:37:00 EDT 		STS-26
 Discovery 5 04d 01h LC-39B Edwards
  • Tracking and data relay satellite (TDRS-C) deployment
  • First post-Challenger flight
  • First Space Shuttle mission with an all-veteran crew
 [76][77]
27 2 December 1988
14:30:34 UTC
09:30:34 EST 		STS-27
 Atlantis 5 04d 09h LC-39B Edwards [28][78][79][80]
28 13 March 1989
14:57:00 UTC
09:57:00 EST 		STS-29
 Discovery 5 04d 23h LC-39B Edwards
  • Tracking and data relay satellite (TDRS-D) deployment
  • IMAX camera
  • Space Station Heat Pipe Advanced Radiator Element I space station radiator experiment
 [81][82]
29 4 May 1989
18:46:59 UTC
14:46:59 EDT 		STS-30
 Atlantis 5 04d 00h LC-39B Edwards
  • Magellan Venus probe deployment
  • First post-Challenger flight to carry a female astronaut
 [83][84]
30 8 August 1989
12:37:00 UTC
08:37:00 EDT 		STS-28
 Columbia 5 05d 01h LC-39B Edwards [28][85][86]
31 18 October 1989
16:53:40 UTC
12:53:40 EDT 		STS-34
 Atlantis 5 04d 23h LC-39B Edwards [87][88]
32 22 November 1989
24:23:30 UTC
19:23:30 EST 		STS-33
 Discovery 5 05d 00h LC-39B Edwards [28][89][90][91]
33 9 January 1990
12:35:00 UTC
07:35:00 EST 		STS-32
 Columbia 5 10d 21h LC-39A Edwards [92][93]
34 28 February 1990
07:50:22 UTC
02:50:22 EST 		STS-36
 Atlantis 5 04d 10h LC-39A Edwards [28][94][95]
35 24 April 1990
12:33:51 UTC
08:33:51 EDT 		STS-31
 Discovery 5 05d 01h LC-39B Edwards [96][97]
36 6 October 1990
11:47:15 UTC
07:47:15 EDT 		STS-41
 Discovery 5 04d 02h LC-39B Edwards [98][99]
37 15 November 1990
23:48:15 UTC
18:48:15 EST 		STS-38
 Atlantis 5 04d 21h LC-39A Kennedy SLF
  • Seventh classified DoD mission
  • Likely SDS2-2 deployed
 [28][100][101]
38 2 December 1990
06:49:01 UTC
01:49:01 EST 		STS-35
 Columbia 7 08d 23h LC-39B Edwards
  • Use of ASTRO-1 observatory
 [102][103]
39 5 April 1991
14:22:45 UTC
09:22:45 EST 		STS-37
 Atlantis 5 05d 23h LC-39B Edwards [104][105]
40 28 April 1991
11:33:14 UTC
07:33:14 EDT 		STS-39
 Discovery 7 08d 07h LC-39A Kennedy SLF
  • First unclassified DoD mission (eighth DoD mission overall)
  • Military science experiments
 [28][106][107]
41 5 June 1991
13:24:51 UTC
09:24:51 EDT 		STS-40
 Columbia 7 09d 02h LC-39B Edwards
  • Spacelab mission
  • First space mission with three women
 [108][109]
42 2 August 1991
15:02:00 UTC
11:02:00 EDT 		STS-43
 Atlantis 5 08d 21h LC-39A Kennedy SLF
  • Tracking and data relay satellite (TDRS-E) deployment
 [110][111]
43 12 September 1991
23:11:04 UTC
19:11:04 EDT 		STS-48
 Discovery 5 05d 08h LC-39A Edwards [112][113]
44 24 November 1991
23:44:00 UTC
18:44:00 EST 		STS-44
 Atlantis 6 06d 22h LC-39A Edwards
  • Second unclassified DoD mission (ninth DoD mission overall)
  • DSP satellite deployment
 [114][115]
45 22 January 1992
14:52:33 UTC
09:52:33 EST 		STS-42
 Discovery 7 08d 01h LC-39A Edwards [116][117]
46 24 March 1992
13:13:40 UTC
08:13:40 EST 		STS-45
 Atlantis 7 08d 22h LC-39A Kennedy SLF
  • ATLAS-1 science platform
  • Second African-American Space Shuttle commander, Charles Bolden
 [118][119]
47 7 May 1992
23:40:00 UTC
19:40:00 EDT 		STS-49
 Endeavour 7 08d 21h LC-39B Edwards [120][121]
48 25 June 1992
16:12:23 UTC
12:12:23 EDT 		STS-50
 Columbia 7 13d 19h LC-39A Kennedy SLF [122][123]
49 31 July 1992
13:56:48 UTC
09:56:48 EDT 		STS-46
 Atlantis 7 07d 23h LC-39B Kennedy SLF [124][125]
50 12 September 1992
14:23:00 UTC
10:23:00 EDT 		STS-47
 Endeavour 7 07d 22h LC-39B Kennedy SLF [126][127]
51 22 October 1992
17:09:39 UTC
13:09:39 EDT 		STS-52
 Columbia 6 09d 20h LC-39B Kennedy SLF
  • LAGEOS II deployment
  • Microgravity experiments
 [128][129]
52 2 December 1992
13:24:00 UTC
08:24:00 EST 		STS-53
 Discovery 5 07d 07h LC-39A Edwards
  • Partially classified 10th and final DoD mission
  • Likely deployment of SDS2 satellite
 [28][130][131]
53 13 January 1993
13:59:30 UTC
08:59:30 EST 		STS-54
 Endeavour 5 05d 23h LC-39B Kennedy SLF
  • Tracking and data relay satellite (TDRS-F) deployment
 [132][133]
54 8 April 1993
05:29:00 UTC
01:29:00 EDT 		STS-56
 Discovery 5 09d 06h LC-39B Kennedy SLF
  • ATLAS-2 science platform
 [134][135]
55 26 April 1993
14:50:00 UTC
10:50:00 EDT 		STS-55
 Columbia 7 09d 23h LC-39A Edwards [136][137]
56 21 June 1993
13:07:22 UTC
09:07:22 EDT 		STS-57
 Endeavour 6 09d 23h LC-39B Kennedy SLF [138][139]
57 12 September 1993
11:45:00 UTC
07:45:00 EDT 		STS-51
 Discovery 5 09d 20h LC-39B Kennedy SLF
  • ACTS satellite deployed
  • Orbiting Retrievable Far and Extreme Ultraviolet Spectrometer with IMAX camera deployed
  • First night landing at Kennedy Space Center
 [140][141]
58 18 October 1993
14:53:10 UTC
10:53:10 EDT 		STS-58
 Columbia 7 14d 00h LC-39B Edwards [142][143]
59 2 December 1993
09:27:00 UTC
04:27:00 EST 		STS-61
 Endeavour 7 10d 19h LC-39B Kennedy SLF [144][145]
60 3 February 1994
12:10:00 UTC
07:10:00 EST 		STS-60
 Discovery 6 07d 06h LC-39A Kennedy SLF [146][147]
61 4 March 1994
13:53:00 UTC
08:53:00 EST 		STS-62
 Columbia 5 13d 23h LC-39B Kennedy SLF
  • Microgravity experiments
 [148][149]
62 9 April 1994
11:05:00 UTC
07:05:00 EDT 		STS-59
 Endeavour 6 11d 05h LC-39A Edwards
  • Experiments aboard Shuttle Radar Laboratory-1
 [150][151]
63 8 July 1994
04:43:00 UTC
00:43:00 EDT 		STS-65
 Columbia 7 14d 17h LC-39A Kennedy SLF [152][153]
64 9 September 1994
22:22:05 UTC
18:22:05 EDT 		STS-64
 Discovery 6 10d 22h LC-39B Edwards
  • Multiple science experiments
  • SPARTAN
 [154][155]
65 30 September 1994
11:16:00 UTC
07:16:00 EDT 		STS-68
 Endeavour 6 11d 05h LC-39A Edwards
  • Experiments aboard Space Radar Laboratory-2
 [156][157]
66 3 November 1994
16:59:43 UTC
11:59:43 EST 		STS-66
 Atlantis 6 10d 22h LC-39B Edwards
  • ATLAS-3 science platform
 [158][159]
67 3 February 1995
05:22:04 UTC
00:22:04 EST 		STS-63
 Discovery 6 08d 06h LC-39B Kennedy SLF [160][161]
68 2 March 1995
06:38:13 UTC
01:38:13 EST 		STS-67
 Endeavour 7 16d 15h LC-39A Edwards
  • ASTRO-2 Deployment
 [162][163]
69 27 June 1995
19:32:19 UTC
15:32:19 EDT 		STS-71
 Atlantis 7/8 09d 19h LC-39A Kennedy SLF
  • First Shuttle-Mir docking
 [164][165]
70 13 July 1995
13:41:55 UTC
09:41:55 EDT 		STS-70
 Discovery 5 08d 22h LC-39B Kennedy SLF
  • Tracking and data relay satellite (TDRS-G) deployment
 [166][167]
71 7 September 1995
15:09:00 UTC
11:09:00 EDT 		STS-69
 Endeavour 5 10d 20h LC-39A Kennedy SLF [168][169]
72 20 October 1995
13:53:00 UTC
09:53:00 EDT 		STS-73
 Columbia 7 15d 21h LC-39B Kennedy SLF [170][171]
73 12 November 1995
12:30:43 UTC
07:30:43 EST 		STS-74
 Atlantis 5 08d 04h LC-39A Kennedy SLF
  • Second Shuttle-Mir docking
  • Delivered docking module
  • Delivered IMAX cargo bay camera
 [172][173]
74 11 January 1996
09:41:00 UTC
04:41:00 EST 		STS-72
 Endeavour 6 08d 22h LC-39B Kennedy SLF [174][175]
75 22 February 1996
20:18:00 UTC
15:18:00 EST 		STS-75
 Columbia 7 15d 17h LC-39B Kennedy SLF
  • Tethered satellite reflight, lost due to broken tether
 [176][177]
76 22 March 1996
08:13:04 UTC
03:13:04 EST 		STS-76
 Atlantis 6/5 09d 05h LC-39B Edwards
  • Shuttle-Mir docking
 [178][179]
77 19 May 1996
10:30:00 UTC
06:30:00 EDT 		STS-77
 Endeavour 6 10d 00h LC-39B Kennedy SLF [180][181]
78 20 June 1996
14:49:00 UTC
10:49:00 EDT 		STS-78
 Columbia 7 16d 21h LC-39B Kennedy SLF [182][183]
79 16 September 1996
08:54:49 UTC
04:54:49 EDT 		STS-79
 Atlantis 6/6 10d 03h LC-39A Kennedy SLF
  • Shuttle-Mir docking
 [184][185]
80 19 November 1996
19:55:47 UTC
14:55:47 EST 		STS-80
 Columbia 5 17d 15h LC-39B Kennedy SLF
  • Wake Shield Facility
  • Orbiting and Retrievable Far and Extreme Ultraviolet Spectrometer-Shuttle Pallet Satellite (ORFEUS) II
  • Longest Space Shuttle mission flown
  • Story Musgrave becomes the only astronaut to fly on all five Space Shuttle orbiters
 [186][187]
81 12 January 1997
09:27:23 UTC
04:27:23 EST 		STS-81
 Atlantis 6/6 10d 04h LC-39B Kennedy SLF
  • Shuttle-Mir docking
 [188][189]
82 11 February 1997
08:55:17 UTC
03:55:17 EST 		STS-82
 Discovery 7 09d 23h LC-39A Kennedy SLF [190][191]
83 4 April 1997
19:20:32 UTC
14:20:32 EST 		STS-83
 Columbia 7 03d 23h LC-39A Kennedy SLF [192][193]
84 15 May 1997
08:07:48 UTC
04:07:48 EDT 		STS-84
 Atlantis 7/7 09d 05h LC-39A Kennedy SLF
  • Shuttle-Mir docking
 [194][195]
85 1 July 1997
18:02:00 UTC
14:02:00 EDT 		STS-94
 Columbia 7 15d 16h LC-39A Kennedy SLF [196][197]
86 7 August 1997
14:41:00 UTC
10:41:00 EDT 		STS-85
 Discovery 6 11d 20h LC-39A Kennedy SLF
  • Deployed and retrieved Cryogenic Infrared Spectrometers and Telescopes for the Atmosphere-Shuttle Pallet Satellite-2 (CRISTA-SPAS)
 [198][199]
87 25 September 1997
14:34:19 UTC
10:34:19 EDT 		STS-86
 Atlantis 7/7 10d 19h LC-39A Kennedy SLF
  • Shuttle-Mir docking
 [200][201]
88 19 November 1997
19:46:00 UTC
14:46:00 EST 		STS-87
 Columbia 6 15d 16h LC-39B Kennedy SLF [202][203]
89 22 January 1998
02:48:15 UTC[c]
21:48:15 EST 		STS-89
 Endeavour 7/7 08d 19h LC-39A Kennedy SLF
  • Shuttle-Mir docking
 [204][205]
90 17 April 1998
18:19:00 UTC
14:19:00 EDT 		STS-90
 Columbia 7 15d 21h LC-39B Kennedy SLF [206][207]
91 2 June 1998
22:06:24 UTC
18:06:24 EDT 		STS-91
 Discovery 6/7 09d 19h LC-39A Kennedy SLF
  • Last Shuttle-Mir docking
 [208][209]
92 29 October 1998
19:19:34 UTC
14:19:34 EST 		STS-95
 Discovery 7 08d 21h LC-39B Kennedy SLF [210][211]
93 4 December 1998
08:35:34 UTC
03:35:34 EST 		STS-88
 Endeavour 6 11d 19h LC-39A Kennedy SLF [212][213]
94 27 May 1999
10:49:42 UTC
06:49:42 EDT 		STS-96
 Discovery 7 09d 19h LC-39B Kennedy SLF [214][215]
95 23 July 1999
04:31:00 UTC
00:31:00 EDT 		STS-93
 Columbia 5 04d 22h LC-39B Kennedy SLF [216][217]
96 19 December 1999
00:50:00 UTC[c]
19:50:00 EST 		STS-103
 Discovery 7 07d 23h LC-39B Kennedy SLF [218][219]
97 11 February 2000
16:43:40 UTC
12:43:40 EDT 		STS-99
 Endeavour 6 11d 05h LC-39A Kennedy SLF [220][221]
98 19 May 2000
10:11:10 UTC
06:11:10 EDT 		STS-101
 Atlantis 7 09d 21h LC-39A Kennedy SLF [222][223]
99 8 September 2000
12:45:47 UTC
08:45:47 EDT 		STS-106
 Atlantis 7 11d 19h LC-39B Kennedy SLF [224][225]
100 11 October 2000
23:17:00 UTC
18:17:00 EST 		STS-92
 Discovery 7 12d 21h LC-39A Edwards [226][227]
101 30 November 2000
03:06:01 UTC[c]
22:06:01 EST 		STS-97
 Endeavour 5 10d 19h LC-39B Kennedy SLF [228][229]
102 7 February 2001
23:13:02 UTC
18:13:02 EST 		STS-98
 Atlantis 5 12d 21h LC-39A Edwards [230][231]
103 8 March 2001
11:42:09 UTC
06:42:09 EST 		STS-102
 Discovery 7/7 12d 19h LC-39B Kennedy SLF
  • ISS supply and crew rotation
 [232][233]
104 19 April 2001
18:40:42 UTC
14:40:42 EDT 		STS-100
 Endeavour 7 11d 21h LC-39A Edwards [234][235]
105 12 July 2001
09:03:59 UTC
05:03:59 EDT 		STS-104
 Atlantis 5 12d 18h LC-39B Kennedy SLF [236][237]
106 10 August 2001
21:10:14 UTC
17:10:14 EDT 		STS-105
 Discovery 7/7 11d 21h LC-39A Kennedy SLF
  • ISS supply and crew rotation
 [238][239]
107 5 December 2001
22:19:28 UTC
17:19:28 EST 		STS-108
 Endeavour 7/7 11d 19h LC-39B Kennedy SLF
  • ISS supply and crew rotation
 [240][241]
108 1 March 2002
11:22:02 UTC
06:22:02 EST 		STS-109
 Columbia 7 10d 22h LC-39A Kennedy SLF [242][243]
109 8 April 2002
20:44:19 UTC
16:44:19 EDT 		STS-110
 Atlantis 7 10d 19h LC-39B Kennedy SLF [244][245]
110 5 June 2002
21:22:49 UTC
17:22:49 EDT 		STS-111
 Endeavour 7/7 13d 20h LC-39A Edwards [246][247]
111 7 October 2002
19:45:51 UTC
15:45:51 EDT 		STS-112
 Atlantis 6 10d 19h LC-39B Kennedy SLF [248][249]
112 23 November 2002
00:49:47 UTC[c]
19:49:47 EST 		STS-113
 Endeavour 7/7 13d 18h LC-39A Kennedy SLF [250][251]
113 16 January 2003
15:39:00 UTC
10:39:00 EST 		STS-107
 Columbia 7 15d 22h LC-39A Did not land[b] [252][253]
114 26 July 2005
14:39:00 UTC
10:39:00 EDT 		STS-114
 Discovery 7 13d 21h LC-39B Edwards
  • First post Columbia flight
  • Flight safety Evaluation/testing
  • ISS supply/repair
  • MPLM Raffaello
 [254][255]
115 4 July 2006
18:37:55 UTC
14:37:55 EDT 		STS-121
 Discovery 7/6 12d 18h LC-39B Kennedy SLF
  • ISS Flight ULF1.1: supply and crew rotation
  • MPLM Leonardo
 [256][257]
116 9 September 2006
15:14:55 UTC
11:14:55 EDT 		STS-115
 Atlantis 6 11d 19h LC-39B Kennedy SLF [258][259]
117 9 December 2006
24:47:35 UTC
20:47:35 EDT 		STS-116
 Discovery 7/7 12d 21h LC-39B Kennedy SLF [260][261]
118 8 June 2007
23:38:04 UTC
19:38:04 EDT 		STS-117
 Atlantis 7/7 13d 20h LC-39A Edwards [262][263]
119 8 August 2007
22:36:42 UTC
18:36:42 EDT 		STS-118
 Endeavour 7 12d 18h LC-39A Kennedy SLF [264][265]
120 23 October 2007
15:38:19 UTC
11:38:19 EDT 		STS-120
 Discovery 7/7 15d 02h LC-39A Kennedy SLF [266][267]
121 7 February 2008
19:45:30 UTC
14:45:30 EST 		STS-122
 Atlantis 7/7 12d 18h LC-39A Kennedy SLF [268][269]
122 11 March 2008
06:28:14 UTC
02:28:14 EDT 		STS-123
 Endeavour 7/7 15d 18h LC-39A Kennedy SLF [270][271]
123 31 May 2008
21:02:12 UTC
17:02:12 EDT 		STS-124
 Discovery 7/7 13d 18h LC-39A Kennedy SLF [272][273]
124 14 November 2008
24:55:39 UTC
19:55:39 EST 		STS-126
 Endeavour 7/7 15d 20h LC-39A Edwards [274][275]
125 15 March 2009
23:43:44 UTC
19:43:44 EDT 		STS-119
 Discovery 7/7 12d 19h LC-39A Kennedy SLF [276][277]
126 11 May 2009
18:01:56 UTC
14:01:56 EDT 		STS-125
 Atlantis 7 12d 21h LC-39A Edwards [278][279][280]
127 15 July 2009
22:03:10 UTC
18:03:10 EDT 		STS-127
 Endeavour 7/7 15d 16h LC-39A Kennedy SLF
  • ISS assembly flight 2J/A: Japanese Experiment Module Exposed Facility (EF) and ELM ES
 [281][282]
128 28 August 2009
03:59:37 UTC[c]
23:59:37 EDT 		STS-128
 Discovery 7/7 13d 21h LC-39A Edwards [283][284]
129 16 November 2009
19:28:01 UTC
14:28:01 EST 		STS-129
 Atlantis 6/7 10d 19h LC-39A Kennedy SLF [285][286]
130 8 February 2010
09:14:07 UTC
04:14:07 EST 		STS-130
 Endeavour 6 13d 18h LC-39A Kennedy SLF [287][288]
131 5 April 2010
10:21:25 UTC
06:21:25 EDT 		STS-131
 Discovery 7 15d 03h LC-39A Kennedy SLF [289][290]
132 14 May 2010
18:20:09 UTC
14:20:09 EDT 		STS-132
 Atlantis 6 11d 18h LC-39A Kennedy SLF [291][292]
133 24 February 2011
21:53:24 UTC
16:53:24 EST 		STS-133
 Discovery 6 12d 19h LC-39A Kennedy SLF [293][294]
134 16 May 2011
12:56:28 UTC
08:56:28 EDT 		STS-134
 Endeavour 6 15d 18h LC-39A Kennedy SLF [295][296]
135 8 July 2011
15:29:04 UTC
11:29:04 EDT 		STS-135
 Atlantis 4 12d 18h LC-39A Kennedy SLF [297][298][299]

Shuttle missions

[edit]

Canceled missions

[edit]
Main article: Canceled Space Shuttle missions

One initial emergency flight abort (RTLS) sub-orbital test mission was canceled due to high risk. Many other planned missions were canceled due to the late development of the shuttle, and the Challenger and Columbia disasters.

Four missions were cut short by a day or more while in orbit: STS-2 (equipment failure),[22] STS-35 (weather),[102] STS-44 (equipment failure),[193] and STS-83 (equipment failure, relaunched as STS-94).[193]

Contingency missions

[edit]
Atlantis and Endeavour on LC-39A and LC-39B. Endeavour was slated to launch for STS-400 rescue mission should Atlantis (STS-125) be found unable to return safely to Earth.
Main article: STS-3xx

STS-300 was the designation for the Space Shuttle Launch on Need (LON) missions to be launched on short notice for STS-114 and STS-121, in the event that the shuttle became disabled or damaged and could not safely return to Earth.[300][301][302] The rescue flight for STS-115, if needed, would have been STS-301. After STS-115, the rescue mission designations were based on the corresponding regular mission that would be replaced should the rescue mission be needed. For example, the STS-116 rescue mission was branded STS-317, because the normal mission scheduled after STS-116 was STS-117. Should the rescue mission have been needed, the crew and vehicle for STS-117 would assume the rescue mission profile and become STS-317. All potential rescue missions were to be launched with a crew of four, and would return with ten or eleven crew members, depending on the number of crew launched on the rescued shuttle. Missions were expected to last approximately eleven days. None of the planned contingency missions were ever flown.[303]

No contingency mission was planned for STS-135, the final shuttle mission. Instead, NASA planned to effect any required rescues one-by-one, using Russian Soyuz spacecraft.[304]

Flight Rescue flight
STS-114 (Discovery) STS-300 (Atlantis)
STS-121 (Discovery) STS-300 (Atlantis)
STS-115 (Atlantis) STS-301 (Discovery)
STS-116 (Discovery) STS-317 (Atlantis)
STS-117 (Atlantis) STS-318 (Endeavour)
STS-118 (Endeavour) STS-322 (Discovery)
STS-120 (Discovery) STS-320 (Atlantis)[d]
STS-122 (Atlantis) STS-323 (Discovery)[e]
STS-123 (Endeavour) STS-324 (Discovery)
STS-124 (Discovery) STS-326 (Endeavour)
STS-125 (Atlantis) STS-400 (Endeavour)
STS-134 (Endeavour) STS-335 (Atlantis)

Flight statistics

[edit]

Orbiters

[edit]
Key
‡  Test vehicle
†  Lost
Shuttle Designation Flights Flight time Orbits Longest flight First flight Last flight Mir
dockings 		ISS dockings Sources
Flight Date Flight Date
Enterprise ‡ OV-101 5 00d 00h 19m — 00d 00h 05m ALT-12 12 August 1977 ALT-16 26 October 1977 — — [306][307][308][309]
Columbia † OV-102 28 300d 17h 47m 15s 4,808 17d 15h 53m 18s STS-1 12 April 1981 STS-107 16 January 2003 0 0 [306][307][310][311][312]
Challenger † OV-099 10 62d 07h 56m 15s 995 08d 05h 23m 33s STS-6 4 April 1983 STS-51-L 28 January 1986 0 0 [306][307][313][314]
Discovery OV-103 39 364d 22h 39m 29s 5,830 15d 02h 48m 08s STS-41-D 30 August 1984 STS-133 24 February 2011 1 13 [306][307][315][316]
Atlantis OV-104 33 306d 14h 12m 43s 4,848 13d 20h 12m 44s STS-51-J 3 October 1985 STS-135 8 July 2011 7 12 [306][307][317][318]
Endeavour OV-105 25 296d 03h 34m 02s 4,677 16d 15h 08m 48s STS-49 7 May 1992 STS-134 16 May 2011 1 12 [306][307][319][320]
Total 135 1,330d 18h 9m 44s 21,158 9 37


Flights

[edit]
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
  •   Enterprise
  •   Columbia
  •   Challenger
  •   Discovery
  •   Atlantis
  •   Endeavour

Timeline of missions

[edit]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ If there are two numbers in this column, it signifies the number of astronauts launched and landed with, respectively. If the two numbers are the same, this indicates a crew swap took place during the mission.
  2. ^ a b This shuttle was intended to land at the Kennedy SLF.
  3. ^ a b c d e The listed UTC time occurs the next day.
  4. ^ NASA called this mission STS-320 instead of STS-321.[302]
  5. ^ Originally scheduled to be Endeavour, changed to Discovery due to contamination issues.[305]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Report of the Space Task Group, 1969". NASA. Retrieved 26 November 2014. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  2. ^ a b Malik, Tarik (21 July 2011). "NASA's Space Shuttle By the Numbers: 30 Years of a Spaceflight Icon". Space.com. Retrieved 18 June 2014. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  3. ^ Pinchefsky, Carol (18 April 2012). "5 Horrifying Facts You Didn't Know About the Space Shuttle". Forbes. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
  4. ^ "Space Shuttle Era Facts" (PDF). NASA. 2011. FS-2011-7-142-KSC. Retrieved 15 January 2021. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  5. ^ Ryba, Jeanne; Dunbar, Brian (11 September 2012). "Space Shuttle Launch and Landing". NASA. Retrieved 6 January 2015. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  6. ^ a b c d Jenkins, p. 524.
  7. ^ "Robert L. Crippen" (PDF). Johnson Space Center. NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History Project. 26 May 2006. p. 45. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 4 August 2009. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  8. ^ "Terry J. Hart" (PDF). Johnson Space Center. NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History Project. 10 April 2003. pp. 18–19. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 4 August 2009. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  9. ^ "Paul J. Weitz" (PDF). Johnson Space Center. NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History Project. 26 March 2000. pp. 12–58. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 March 2016. Retrieved 4 August 2009. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  10. ^ "James D. A. van Hoften" (PDF). Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History Project. 5 December 2007. p. 20. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2009-08-14. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  11. ^ Norton, Lily (30 June 2011). "8 Surprising Space Shuttle Facts". Space.com. Retrieved 15 December 2012.
  12. ^ a b c d e Heppenheimer, p. 123.
  13. ^ a b c d e Dumoulin, Jim. "Enterprise (OV-101)". Kennedy Space Center: NASA. Retrieved 28 January 2013. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  14. ^ Goodwin, p. 32.
  15. ^ a b Howell, Elizabeth (9 October 2012). "Enterprise: The Test Shuttle". Space.com. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
  16. ^ Jenkins, p. 212.
  17. ^ Jenkins, p. 210.
  18. ^ Duggins, p. 58.
  19. ^ Chen, p. 9.
  20. ^ Goodwin, pp. 41–201.
  21. ^ Duggins, p. 64.
  22. ^ a b Chen, p. 11.
  23. ^ Goodwin, pp. 206–264.
  24. ^ Chen, p. 13.
  25. ^ Goodwin, pp. 267–344.
  26. ^ Wilford, John Noble (18 March 1982). "Space Shuttle Landing Site Is Shifted Because of Rains". The New York Times. ProQuest 121923320.
  27. ^ Goodwin, pp. 348–409.
  28. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Cassutt, Michael (August 2009). "Secret Space Shuttles". Air and Space Magazine. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 11 December 2012.
  29. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-4". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  30. ^ Chen, p. 15.
  31. ^ Goodwin, pp. 412–463.
  32. ^ Duggins, p. 65.
  33. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-5". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  34. ^ Chen, p. 17.
  35. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-6". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  36. ^ Chen, p. 19.
  37. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-7". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  38. ^ Chen, p. 21.
  39. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-8". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  40. ^ Chen, p. 23.
  41. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-9". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  42. ^ Chen, p. 25.
  43. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-41B". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  44. ^ Chen, p. 27.
  45. ^ Wilford, John Noble (5 April 1984). "Space Shuttle Poised For First Service Call On Satellite in Orbit". The New York Times. ProQuest 122322581.
  46. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-41C". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  47. ^ Chen, p. 29.
  48. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-41D". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  49. ^ Chen, p. 31.
  50. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-41G". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  51. ^ Chen, p. 33.
  52. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-51A". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  53. ^ Chen, p. 35.
  54. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-51C". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  55. ^ Chen, p. 37.
  56. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-41G". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  57. ^ Chen, p. 39.
  58. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-51B". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  59. ^ Chen, p. 41.
  60. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-51G". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  61. ^ Chen, p. 43.
  62. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-51F". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  63. ^ Chen, p. 45.
  64. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-51I". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  65. ^ Chen, p. 47.
  66. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-51J". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  67. ^ Chen, p. 49.
  68. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-61A". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  69. ^ Chen, p. 51.
  70. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-61B". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  71. ^ Chen, p. 53.
  72. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-61C". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  73. ^ Chen, p. 55.
  74. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-51L". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 5 December 2005. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  75. ^ Chen, p. 57.
  76. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-26". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  77. ^ Chen, p. 59.
  78. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-27". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  79. ^ Chen, p. 61.
  80. ^ "Shuttle Atlantis almost lost in 1988". Bad Astronomy. 2009-03-31. Retrieved 2019-03-12.
  81. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-29". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  82. ^ Chen, p. 63.
  83. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-30". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  84. ^ Chen, p. 65.
  85. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-28". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  86. ^ Chen, p. 67.
  87. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-34". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  88. ^ Chen, p. 69.
  89. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-33". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  90. ^ "Diversity in Space". NASA. 2005-02-24. Archived from the original on 2005-03-06.
  91. ^ Chen, p. 71.
  92. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-32". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  93. ^ Chen, p. 73.
  94. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-36". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  95. ^ Chen, p. 75.
  96. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-31". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  97. ^ Chen, p. 77.
  98. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-41". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  99. ^ Chen, p. 79.
  100. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-38". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  101. ^ Chen, p. 81.
  102. ^ a b "Mission Archives: STS-35". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  103. ^ Chen, p. 83.
  104. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-37". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  105. ^ Chen, p. 85.
  106. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-39". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  107. ^ Chen, p. 87.
  108. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-40". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
  109. ^ Chen, p. 89.
  110. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-43". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
  111. ^ Chen, p. 91.
  112. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-48". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
  113. ^ Chen, p. 93.
  114. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-44". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
  115. ^ Chen, p. 95.
  116. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-42". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
  117. ^ Chen, p. 97.
  118. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-45". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
  119. ^ Chen, p. 99.
  120. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-49". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
  121. ^ Chen, p. 101.
  122. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-50". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
  123. ^ Chen, p. 103.
  124. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-46". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
  125. ^ Chen, p. 105.
  126. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-47". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
  127. ^ Chen, p. 107.
  128. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-52". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  129. ^ Chen, p. 109.
  130. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-53". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  131. ^ Chen, p. 111.
  132. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-54". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  133. ^ Chen, p. 113.
  134. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-56". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  135. ^ Chen, p. 115.
  136. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-55". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  137. ^ Chen, p. 117.
  138. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-57". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  139. ^ Chen, p. 119.
  140. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-51". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  141. ^ Chen, p. 121.
  142. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-58". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  143. ^ Chen, p. 123.
  144. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-61". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  145. ^ Chen, p. 125.
  146. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-60". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  147. ^ Chen, p. 127.
  148. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-62". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  149. ^ Chen, p. 129.
  150. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-59". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  151. ^ Chen, p. 131.
  152. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-65". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  153. ^ Chen, p. 133.
  154. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-64". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  155. ^ Chen, p. 135.
  156. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-68". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  157. ^ Chen, p. 137.
  158. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-66". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  159. ^ Chen, p. 139.
  160. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-63". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  161. ^ Chen, p. 141.
  162. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-67". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  163. ^ Chen, p. 143.
  164. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-71". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  165. ^ Chen, p. 145.
  166. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-70". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  167. ^ Chen, p. 147.
  168. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-69". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  169. ^ Chen, p. 149.
  170. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-73". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  171. ^ Chen, p. 151.
  172. ^ Chen, p. 153.
  173. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-74". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  174. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-72". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  175. ^ Chen, p. 155.
  176. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-75". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  177. ^ Chen, p. 157.
  178. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-76". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  179. ^ Chen, p. 159.
  180. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-77". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  181. ^ Chen, p. 161.
  182. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-78". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  183. ^ Chen, p. 163.
  184. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-79". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  185. ^ Chen, p. 165.
  186. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-80". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  187. ^ Chen, p. 167.
  188. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-81". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  189. ^ Chen, p. 169.
  190. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-82". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  191. ^ Chen, p. 171.
  192. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-83". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  193. ^ a b c Chen, p. 173.
  194. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-84". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  195. ^ Chen, p. 175.
  196. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-94". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  197. ^ Chen, p. 177.
  198. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-85". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  199. ^ Chen, p. 179.
  200. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-86". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  201. ^ Chen, p. 181.
  202. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-87". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  203. ^ Chen, p. 183.
  204. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-89". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  205. ^ Chen, p. 185.
  206. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-90". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  207. ^ Chen, p. 187.
  208. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-91". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  209. ^ Chen, p. 189.
  210. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-95". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  211. ^ Chen, p. 191.
  212. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-88". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  213. ^ Chen, p. 193.
  214. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-96". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  215. ^ Chen, p. 195.
  216. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-93". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  217. ^ Chen, p. 197.
  218. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-103". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  219. ^ Chen, p. 199.
  220. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-99". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  221. ^ Chen, p. 201.
  222. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-101". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  223. ^ Chen, p. 203.
  224. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-106". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  225. ^ Chen, p. 205.
  226. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-92". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  227. ^ Chen, p. 207.
  228. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-97". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  229. ^ Chen, p. 209.
  230. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-98". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  231. ^ Chen, p. 211.
  232. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-102". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  233. ^ Chen, p. 213.
  234. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-100". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  235. ^ Chen, p. 215.
  236. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-104". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  237. ^ Chen, p. 217.
  238. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-105". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  239. ^ Chen, p. 219.
  240. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-108". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  241. ^ Chen, p. 221.
  242. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-109". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  243. ^ Chen, p. 223.
  244. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-110". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  245. ^ Chen, p. 225.
  246. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-111". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  247. ^ Chen, p. 227.
  248. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-112". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  249. ^ Chen, p. 229.
  250. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-113". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  251. ^ Chen, p. 231.
  252. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-107". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  253. ^ Chen, p. 233.
  254. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-114". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  255. ^ Chen, p. 235.
  256. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-121". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  257. ^ Chen, p. 237.
  258. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-115". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  259. ^ Chen, p. 239.
  260. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-116". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  261. ^ Chen, p. 241.
  262. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-117". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  263. ^ Chen, p. 243.
  264. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-117". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  265. ^ Chen, p. 245.
  266. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-120". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  267. ^ Chen, p. 247.
  268. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-122". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  269. ^ Chen, p. 249.
  270. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-123". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  271. ^ Chen, p. 251.
  272. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-124". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  273. ^ Chen, p. 253.
  274. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-126". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  275. ^ Chen, p. 255.
  276. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-119". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  277. ^ Chen, p. 257.
  278. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-125". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  279. ^ Chen, p. 259.
  280. ^ "Hubble's Amazing Rescue (transcript)". NOVA. Season 37. Episode 2. 13 October 2009. PBS. Rocky Mountain PBS.
  281. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-127". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  282. ^ Chen, p. 261.
  283. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-128". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  284. ^ Chen, p. 263.
  285. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-129". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  286. ^ Chen, p. 265.
  287. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-130". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  288. ^ Chen, p. 267.
  289. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-131". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  290. ^ Chen, p. 269.
  291. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-132". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  292. ^ Chen, p. 271.
  293. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-133". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  294. ^ Chen, p. 273.
  295. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-134". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  296. ^ Chen, p. 275.
  297. ^ "Mission Archives: STS-135". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  298. ^ Chen, p. 277.
  299. ^ Reichhardt, Tony (January 2013). "The Last Shuttle Flight: On Board Atlantis, the Closing of an Era". Air and Space Magazine. Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on 2014-05-11. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  300. ^ "Contingency Shuttle Crew Support (CSCS)/Rescue Flight Resource Book" (PDF). National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 2005. Retrieved 25 November 2008.
  301. ^ "Flight Readiness Review Briefing Transcript" (PDF). National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 2005. Retrieved 25 November 2008.
  302. ^ a b Bergin, Chris (15 April 2007). "NASA Sets New Launch Date Targets Through to STS-124". CSCS flight numbers. NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved 2 September 2010.
  303. ^ Gebhardt, Chris (31 May 2010). "STS-335: NASA Continues Planning for Contingency Launch On Need Mission". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved 29 December 2014.
  304. ^ Ned, Potter (8 July 2011). "NASA Space Shuttle: Only Four Astronauts on Final Launch From Cape Canaveral". ABC News. Retrieved 8 July 2011.
  305. ^ Bergin, Chris (7 February 2008). "STS-122: Atlantis Launches – Endeavour LON doubt". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved 2 September 2010.
  306. ^ a b c d e f Chen, Adam (2012). Wallack, William; Gonzalez, George (eds.). Celebrating 30 years the Space Shuttle Program. Washington, D.C., United States: NASA. p. 280. ISBN 978-0-16-090202-4. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
  307. ^ a b c d e f "NASA Facts: Space Shuttle Era Facts" (PDF). John F. Kennedy Space Center. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
  308. ^ "Enterprise (OV-101)". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 19 October 2012.
  309. ^ "Fast Facts on the Space Shuttle Enterprise". Fox News Insider. Fox News. Archived from the original on 14 March 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
  310. ^ "Space: The Space Shuttle Columbia". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 October 2012.
  311. ^ "Fast Facts: Space Shuttle Columbia". Fox News. 2 February 2003. Archived from the original on 2012-11-19. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
  312. ^ "Columbia (OV-102)". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 27 October 2012.
  313. ^ "Challenger (STA-099, OV-99)". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 27 October 2012.
  314. ^ "Space Shuttle Challenger Facts". Florida Today. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
  315. ^ Wall, Mike (19 April 2012). "Space Shuttle Discovery: 5 Surprising Facts About NASA's Oldest Orbiter". Space.com. Retrieved 15 December 2012.
  316. ^ "Orbiter, Space Shuttle, OV-103, Discovery". Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. Retrieved 26 February 2016.
  317. ^ Fletcher, Dan (14 May 2010). "Space Shuttle Atlantis Blasts Off: Five Fast Facts". Time. Retrieved 15 December 2012.
  318. ^ "Shuttle Launch Facts: 15 Things to Know about Space Shuttle Atlantis' Mission". Florida Today. Retrieved 15 December 2012.
  319. ^ "The Space Shuttle Endeavour Fact Sheet". CBS News. Retrieved 15 December 2012.
  320. ^ "Space Shuttle Endeavour Facts". Florida Today. Retrieved 15 December 2012.

Bibliography

[edit]
[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Space_Shuttle_missions&oldid=1260276254"