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Erwin von Witzleben

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Erwin von Witzleben
Field Marshal von Witzleben in 1940 or 1941
Born(1881-12-04)4 December 1881
Breslau, Province of Silesia, Kingdom of Prussia, German Empire (present-day Wrocław, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, Poland)
Died8 August 1944(1944-08-08) (aged 62)
Plötzensee Prison, Berlin, Nazi Germany
Allegiance German Empire  Weimar Republic (1918–1933)
 Nazi Germany (1933–1944)
German resistance (1944)
Service / branchImperial German Army Reichsheer
Wehrmacht (Heer)
Years of service1901–1944
Rank Generalfeldmarschall
Commands1st Army
OB West
Battles / warsFirst World War

Second World War

AwardsKnight's Cross of the Iron Cross

Job Wilhelm Georg Erdmann Erwin von Witzleben (4 December 1881 – 8 August 1944) was a German Generalfeldmarschall (Field Marshal) in the Wehrmacht during the Second World War. A leading conspirator in the 20 July plot to assassinate Adolf Hitler,[1] he was designated to become Commander-in-Chief of the Wehrmacht in a post-Nazi regime had the plot succeeded.

Early years

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Erwin von Witzleben was born in Breslau (now Wrocław, Poland) in the Prussian province of Silesia, the son of Georg von Witzleben (1838–1898), a Hauptmann (captain) in the Prussian Army, and his wife, Therese née Brandenburg. The von Witzleben family was an Uradel family of old nobility and many officers, originating in Witzleben, Thuringia.

He completed the Prussian Cadet Corps program at Liegnitz Ritter-Akademie, Prussian Silesia and in Lichterfelde near Berlin, and on 22 June 1901 joined Grenadier Regiment König Wilhelm I No. 7 in Liegnitz, Silesia (now Legnica, Poland) as a Leutnant (lieutenant). In 1910, he was promoted to Oberleutnant (first lieutenant).

In 1907 he married Else Kleeberg from Chemnitz, Saxony with whom he had a son and a daughter.

First World War

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At the beginning of the First World War, von Witzleben served as brigade adjutant in the 19th Reserve Infantry Brigade before being promoted to Hauptmann and company chief in the Reserve Infantry Regiment No.6 in October 1914. Later, in the same regiment, he became battalion commander. His unit fought in Verdun, the Champagne region and Flanders among other places. He was seriously wounded and was awarded the Iron Cross, both first and second classes. Afterwards, he was sent to General Staff training and witnessed the war end as First General Staff Officer of the 121st Division.

The Interwar Years

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Von Witzleben (r.) with Reichswehr Generaloberst Wilhelm Heye, c. 1930

Retained in the Reichswehr following the end of the war, von Witzleben first held a company commander position. In 1923 he found himself as a Major on the staff of the Fourth Division in Dresden. In 1928 he became a battalion commander in the 6th Infantry Regiment and retained that position as Oberstleutnant (Lieutenant Colonel) the following year. After promotion to Oberst (Colonel) in 1931, he became commanding officer of 8th (Prussian) Infantry Regiment in Frankfurt an der Oder.

Shortly before Adolf Hitler seized power with the Enabling Act of 1933, von Witzleben became commanding officer of Infanterieführer VI in Hanover. He was promoted to Generalmajor (Major General) on 1 February 1934 and moved to Potsdam as the new commander of the 3rd Infantry Division. He succeeded General Werner von Fritsch as commander of Wehrkreis III in which role he remained from 1934 to 1938. He was promoted to Generalleutnant (Lieutenant General) and in the newly established Wehrmacht became commander of III Army Corps in Berlin in September 1935. In 1936, he was promoted to General der Infanterie (General of Infantry).

Hitler, von Witzleben and SS-Obergruppenführer Sepp Dietrich at the 1936 Summer Olympics

As early as 1934, von Witzleben showed his opposition to the Nazi regime when he and Generals von Manstein, von Leeb, and von Rundstedt demanded an inquiry into the deaths of Generals von Schleicher and von Bredow in the Night of the Long Knives. As a result of that and his criticism of Hitler's persecution of Fritsch in the Blomberg–Fritsch Affair, von Witzleben was forced into early retirement in 1938.[citation needed] His retirement did not last however, as Hitler soon needed him in the preparations for the Second World War.

Starting in 1937, von Witzleben was a member of the Oster Conspiracy, a group of plotters including Generaloberst (Colonel General) Ludwig Beck, Generals Erich Hoepner and Carl-Heinrich von Stülpnagel, Admiral and Chief of the Abwehr Wilhelm Canaris and Abwehr Oberstleutnant (Lieutenant Colonel) Hans Oster. The men planned to overthrow Hitler in a military coup d'état and avert another European war, which seemed highly likely during the 1938 Sudetenland Crisis, until the Munich Agreement both shocked and demoralized the plotters.[citation needed] Von Witzleben's units, which garrisoned the Berlin Defense District, were to have played a decisive role in the planned coup.

In November 1938, von Witzleben was installed as commander in chief of Army Group Command 2 based in Frankfurt. He was also involved in Generaloberst von Hammerstein-Equord's conspiracy plans of 1939. Von Hammerstein-Equord planned to seize Hitler outright in a kind of frontal assault while von Witzleben would shut down the Nazi headquarters, but the plan was also abandoned.

Second World War

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Field Marshals von Rundstedt and von Witzleben in France, March 1941
Von Witzleben as the commander of OB West with Generaloberst Curt Haase, commander of the 15th Army, May 1941

In September 1939, von Witzleben, then a Generaloberst (Colonel General), took command of the 1st Army, stationed at the Western Front. When Germany attacked France on 10 May 1940, the First Army was part of Army Group C. On 14 June it broke through the Maginot line, and within three days had forced several French divisions to surrender. For this, von Witzleben was decorated with the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross; and on 19 July, he was promoted to Generalfeldmarschall (General Field Marshal) during the 1940 Field Marshal Ceremony.

On 1 May 1941 he was appointed Commander-in-Chief OB West, succeeding Generalfeldmarschall Gerd von Rundstedt, but only a year later, on 15 March 1942, he took leave from that position for health reasons. Some sources, however, claim that he was again forcibly retired at this time after he had criticized the regime for its invasion of the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 in Operation Barbarossa.

20 July 1944

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Further information: 20 July plot

In 1944, the conspirators around Stauffenberg saw von Witzleben as the key man in their plans. Whereas Generaloberst (Colonel General) Beck was seen as a prospective provisional head of state, and Generaloberst Hoepner was in line to command the inner Ersatzheer ("Replacement Army") forces, von Witzleben was to become commander-in-chief of the Wehrmacht, becoming the ranking officer of the new regime.

However, on 20 July 1944, the day of Stauffenberg's attempt on Hitler's life at the Wolf's Lair in East Prussia, von Witzleben did not arrive at the Bendlerblock in Berlin from the OKH-HQ (Oberkommando des Heeres Headquarters) at Zossen to assume command of the coup forces until 8 p.m., when it was already clear that the coup attempt had failed. He then protested angrily that it had been bungled and left after 45 minutes to return to Zossen, where he reported the situation to General of the Artillery (General der Artillerie) Eduard Wagner and then drove back to his country estate, 30 mi away, where he was arrested the next day by Generalleutnant (Lieutenant General) Viktor Linnarz of the OKH personnel office.

He was then cast out of the Wehrmacht by the so-called "Court of Honour" (Ehrenhof), a conclave of officers set up after the attempted assassination to remove officers from the Wehrmacht who had been involved in the plot, mainly so that they were no longer subject to German military law and could be arraigned to a show trial before the Nazi "People's Court" (Volksgerichtshof).

Trial and death

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On 7 August 1944, von Witzleben was in the first group of accused conspirators to be brought before the Volksgerichtshof. Ravaged by the conditions of his Gestapo arrest, he surprisingly approached the bench giving the Nazi salute,[2] for which he was rebuked by the presiding judge Roland Freisler.

Von Witzleben on trial at the Volksgerichtshof

Von Witzleben was sentenced to death on the same day. Von Witzleben gave these closing words in court, addressed to Freisler:

You can turn us over to the executioner. In three months the outraged and tormented people will call you to account and drag you through the filth in the streets alive.

Much of the Volksgerichtshof, including scenes of von Witzleben's show trial, was filmed for the German weekly newsreel Die Deutsche Wochenschau;[citation needed] however, Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels decided against releasing the footage, firstly because Freisler's abusive ranting in the courtroom might draw sympathy for the accused, and secondly because the regime wanted to quell public discussion of the event. The material was classified as secret (Geheime Reichssache).[citation needed]

Von Witzleben was put to death the same day at Plötzensee Prison in Berlin. By Hitler's direct orders, he was hanged with a meat hook and a thin hemp rope,[3] often mistakenly reported as a piano wire, and the execution filmed,[4][5] with the footage since lost.[6]

Decorations

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Depiction in media

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See also

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References

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Citations

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  1. ^ Exponat: Photo: Witzleben, Erwin von, 1941–1944 Archived 2014-08-05 at the Wayback Machine at www.dhm.de
  2. ^ In the Name of the Volk: Political Justice in Hitler's Germany Hannsjoachim Wolfgang Koch & I. B. Tauris (November 15, 1997), p. 198
  3. ^ Manvell, Roger; Fraenkel, Heinrich (1966). The Men Who Tried To Kill Hitler. New York: Pocket Books Inc. pp. 160–161.
  4. ^ "His execution on 8 August 1944 was a particularly grisly affair. The 63-year-old field marshal was pushed into a cellar at Berlin's Plötzensee prison, placed under a meat hook and, half-naked with a running noose around his head, he was lifted and slowly strangled." Robert Solomon Wistrich, "Witzleben, Erwin von (1881–1944) General Field Marshal of the Wehrmacht", Who's Who in Nazi Germany, (Routledge, 2001), p. 279–80
  5. ^ "SS men were filming.... Gestapo people were in the shed, and so was the cameraman." Eyewitness Viktor von Gostomski documented the execution in Brigitte Oleschinski, Plötzensee Memorial Center, translated by John Grossman, (Berlin: Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand, 2002), p. 35. (in English)
  6. ^ Shirer, W. L. (1960). The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, p. 1071.
  7. ^ a b c d e f Rangliste des Deutschen Reichsheeres, p. 115.
  8. ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 450.
  9. ^ a b c d e f "Generalfeldmarschall Job Wilhelm Georg Erdmann Erwin von Witzleben" (in German). Archived from the original on 31 May 2014. Retrieved 30 May 2014.

Bibliography

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  • Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer (2000) [1986]. Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile [The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6.
  • Reichswehrministerium, ed. (1930). Rangliste des Deutschen Reichsheeres (in German). Berlin, Germany: Mittler & Sohn Verlag. OCLC 10573418.
  • Scherzer, Veit (2007). Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives [The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives] (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Militaer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-938845-17-2.
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Military offices
Preceded by
none
 Commander of 1. Armee
26 August 1939 – 23 October 1940 		Succeeded by
Preceded by
Generalfeldmarschall Gerd von Rundstedt
 Oberbefehlshaber West
1 May 1941 – 15 March 1942 		Succeeded by
Generalfeldmarschall Gerd von Rundstedt
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